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Reference · State of Tennessee

Tennessee trade labor costs

What a plumbing, HVAC or electrical tech earns in Tennessee, what the state adds to payroll, whether labor is taxed, what a license costs, how lien rights work and when the heating and cooling seasons peak — each figure from the agency that sets it, with the date we read it.

  • Wages BLS OEWS May 2025
  • Payroll and licenses state agencies
  • Checked and
Plumbing median
$28.17/h−8.2% vs the U.S.41st of 51
HVAC median
$26.68/h−9.0% vs the U.S.45th of 51
Electrical median
$29.37/h−3.3% vs the U.S.37th of 51
New-employer SUTA
Checkon the first $7,000
Payroll programs
Noneno paid-leave or disability program found
Sales tax on labor
Not taxedrepair and installation on buildings

Pay in Tennessee

Hourly pay across all industries, May 2025. Half of the workers in each trade earn less than the median and half earn more; one in ten earns less than the 10th percentile. Union and non-union, no self-employed.

Hourly pay, 10th to 90th percentileDrawn to scale: one dollar axis for all three trades

  • PlumbingU.S. median $30.67

    plumbers: 10th percentile $18.52, 25th $22.72, median $28.17, 75th $35.32, 90th $39.43 an hour; U.S. median $30.67.

  • HVACU.S. median $29.33

    HVAC techs: 10th percentile $18.53, 25th $22.59, median $26.68, 75th $31.53, 90th $39.23 an hour; U.S. median $29.33.

  • ElectricalU.S. median $30.38

    electricians: 10th percentile $19.04, 25th $23.26, median $29.37, 75th $36.57, 90th $44.31 an hour; U.S. median $30.38.

  • 25th–75th percentile
  • State median
  • U.S. median
Hourly pay by percentile for plumbers, HVAC techs and electricians in Tennessee, BLS OEWS May 2025
PercentilePlumbingHVACElectrical
10th$18.52$18.53$19.04
25th$22.72$22.59$23.26
Median$28.17$26.68$29.37
75th$35.32$31.53$36.57
90th$39.43$39.23$44.31
Mean$29.09$27.79$30.55
U.S. median$30.67$29.33$30.38
vs U.S.−8.2%−9.0%−3.3%
Rank41st45th37th
Jobs9,2709,74017,070

Dollars an hour. BLS occupations: Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters (SOC 47-2152); Heating, air conditioning and refrigeration mechanics and installers (SOC 49-9021); Electricians (SOC 47-2111). “vs U.S.” compares the medians; rank 1 is the highest median of the 50 states and DC. Released May 15, 2026; the next survey is due each spring.

Payroll costs the state adds

What Tennessee charges an employer on top of wages: unemployment tax, and any paid-leave or disability program funded through payroll, and who must carry workers’ comp. Federal Social Security, Medicare and unemployment tax apply in every state and are already in the calculator. Workers’ comp premiums depend on the class code and the insurer, so the card gives the rules, not a rate.

State unemployment tax (SUTA)

Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Division of Employment Security

Wage base
$7,000 per employee a year
New-employer rate
Check with the stateNot confirmed on the state’s own pages on October 28, 2026. The U.S. Labor Department’s July 2026 summary lists 2.70%; the calculator shows the U.S. example rate, 2.70%.
Construction
No separate rate published

Rate year runs July 1 to June 30. Tennessee’s unemployment tax page says new employers' premium rates follow the reserve ratio of their 2-digit NAICS industry; no readable Tennessee page states the 2026–27 rate or a construction figure. DOL’s July 2026 summary lists 2.70%.

State pages read

Workers’ compensation

Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Bureau of Workers' Compensation

Who must carry it
1 employee in construction · 5 employees otherwiseEmployers outside construction must carry workers’ comp once they have five or more employees; construction service providers (and coal mining employers) must cover every employee from the first one, including seasonal, part-time, family and as-needed workers. Minors, working family members and part-time employees count toward the total; in a non-construction sole proprietorship, LLC or partnership the owners are not counted, while full-time corporate officers are counted. tn.gov
Where to buy it
Private insurersCoverage is bought through an agent from one of the 300-plus insurers licensed by the Department of Commerce and Insurance, through a group self-insurance pool or trust, or by single-employer self-insurance approved by Commerce and Insurance. An employer refused by two or more licensed insurers can get a policy through the NCCI Assigned Risk Plan. tn.gov
Owners
Outside construction, sole proprietors, LLC members and partners are not counted toward the five-employee threshold, and corporate officers who work full time are counted but may exclude themselves from the policy. Owners of construction businesses must carry coverage on themselves unless they register an exemption in the Workers’ Compensation Exemption Registry (T.C.A. 50-6-901 et seq.). tn.gov
Construction
A construction-business owner can register an exemption for himself or herself only: a sole proprietor owning 100% of the business, a corporate officer, an LLC member or partner with at least 20% ownership, or family owners holding at least 95%; up to five exempt owners per entity, one for a sole proprietor. The initial exemption costs $50 with an active contractor’s license from the Board for Licensing Contractors ($100 without one, including Construction Services Provider registration), and an exempt owner must still insure every employee, even just one. tn.gov

Statute and agency pages read

Paid leave and disability insurance

We found no state paid family and medical leave or temporary disability insurance program funded through payroll in Tennessee on October 28, 2026. State paid sick leave rules, where they exist, are not covered here.

New-employer rates usually last one to three years — longer in some states (four years in Indiana, four to five in D.C.); then the state assigns your own rate, and your rate notice wins over any figure here. The calculator below uses the new-employer rate where one is clear. Where a state’s own pages could not be read, the card says so and gives the U.S. Labor Department’s figure.

What a shop in Tennessee needs to charge

The calculator’s example shop — three techs, $120,000 of overhead, a truck each, 10% net profit — with Tennessee’s median wage for each trade and its unemployment tax filled in. Your own numbers will differ; change them in the calculator below.

Tennessee publishes no single new-employer rate for contractors, so the example uses the U.S. example rate, 2.70%, on Tennessee’s $7,000 wage base.

Example shopBreak-evenRate, 10% profit
Plumbingwage $28.17$107.27$119.19→ $120
HVACwage $26.68$104.07$115.64→ $120
Electricalwage $29.37$109.85$122.05→ $125

Per billable hour; → is the rate rounded up, as the calculator rounds it. Everything except the wage and the unemployment tax is the national example (BLS, IRS and DOL figures listed on the labor rate calculator).

Change the numbers for your shop

The labor rate calculator, opened on Tennessee: pick your trade, put in your own crew, pay and overhead, and the rate and break-even redraw as you type.

Your labor rate

Who does the billable work?

Example shop in Tennessee: 3 techs at the state’s median plumber wage, $120,000 overhead. Change any number or pick another state.

Charge at least Example shop · Tennessee

Charge at least $119.19 per billable hour; break-even $107.27.

Round up to $120 (+$0.81)

See it drawn to scale
Rate build-upDrawn to scale: every dollar the same height
Rate build-up for the example, drawn to scaleColumn from $0 to $119.19 per billable hour, drawn to scale: wage $48.15, taxes & benefits $12.50, overhead $32.87, truck $13.74, profit 10% $11.92. Break-even line at $107.27. Rounded up to $120.12345$0Labor$60.66Break-even$107.27Your rate$119.19Round up to$120
  1. Wage$58,593.60 ÷ 1,216.8 h$48.15
  2. Taxes & benefits25.96% of pay$12.50
  3. Overhead$120,000 ÷ 3,650.4 h$32.87
  4. Truck$16,719.14 ÷ 1,216.8 h$13.74
  5. Profit 10%of the price$11.92
Break-even
$107.27
Profit per hour
$11.92
Revenue a year
$435,087

$107.27 ÷ (1 − 10%) = $119.19rounded up to $120

Already showing the example.

Price your tasks at $120 an hourOpens the price book builder with this rate.

Billable hours
1,216.8per tech a year
Loaded wage
$35.48per paid hour
Labor
$60.66per billable hour
Overhead
$32.87per billable hour
Truck
$13.74per billable hour
Labor burden
25.96%over gross pay

What moves your rate

  • Every billable hour sold under $107.27 loses money.
  • At 70% billable instead of 65%, break-even drops to $99.61, $7.66 an hour less.
  • Cut $10,000 of overhead a year and break-even drops $2.74 an hour, to $104.53.
Show the math
  1. Worked hours2,080 h − 26 days × 8 h = 1,872 h
  2. Billable hours per tech1,872 h × 65% = 1,216.8 h
  3. Gross pay per tech$28.17 × 2,080 h = $58,593.60
  4. Employer taxes and comp$3,632.80 SS + $849.61 Medicare + $42.00 FUTA + $189.00 SUTA + $1,564.45 comp = $6,277.86
  5. Benefits$58,593.60 × 15.25% = $8,935.52
  6. Labor per billable hour$73,806.98 ÷ 1,216.8 h = $60.66
  7. Overhead per billable hour$120,000 ÷ (3 × 1,216.8 h) = $32.87
  8. Truck per billable hour$16,719.14 ÷ 1,216.8 h = $13.74
  9. Break-even$60.66 + $32.87 + $13.74 = $107.27
  10. Rate at 10% profit$107.27 ÷ (1 − 10%) = $119.19

Change the numbers

State and trade
Trade

Fills the wage and state unemployment tax (SUTA). Workers’ comp and everything else stay as they are.

Filled for Tennessee3 figures
Wage Plumbing
$28.17/hr
Tennessee median for plumbers · BLS OEWS May 2025
SUTA rate Example
2.70%
Tennessee sets new employers’ rates by the reserve ratio of their industry sector, and no 2026–27 construction figure could be read. The field shows the U.S. example, 2.70%.
SUTA wage base Per tech
$7,000
Tennessee · DOL Significant Provisions, July 2026

Your own rate notice wins. These are new-employer rates: after one to three years the state sets your own, and construction employers often pay a different rate.

Tennessee: pay, payroll taxes and licensesSee all 50 states and DC
Tennessee: the fine print

Rate year runs July 1 to June 30. Tennessee’s unemployment tax page says new employers' premium rates follow the reserve ratio of their 2-digit NAICS industry; no readable Tennessee page states the 2026–27 rate or a construction figure. DOL’s July 2026 summary lists 2.70%.

NAICS is the federal industry code; plumbing, HVAC and electrical contractors are 2382, construction as a whole is 23.

Crew and pay

People who bill hours. Office staff go in overhead.

Average base pay. Filled: Tennessee median for plumbers, BLS OEWS May 2025.

Hours and time off2,080 h · 26 days off

40 hours × 52 weeks = 2,080.

Holidays, vacation and sick days, 8 h each. Example: 8 + 11 + 7 (BLS).

Optional. Paid at 1.5 × the wage. Leave 0 if none.

Billable time

Share of worked hours that ends up on invoices. Published figures run from 30% to 65%.

Billable hours1,216.8 hper tech · 3,650.4 h for the shop
Payroll taxes and benefits+25.96% of pay

U.S. example, 2.70%: Tennessee sets new employers’ rates by the reserve ratio of their industry sector, and no 2026–27 construction figure could be read. Use the rate on your notice.

Pay per tech the rate applies to. Filled: Tennessee, DOL Significant Provisions, July 2026.

Use the rate on your policy. Example: BLS construction average.

Health, retirement and other benefits. Example: BLS construction average.

Loaded wage$35.48per paid hour · burden 25.96%

Included automatically (IRS, tax year 2026): Social Security 6.2% of pay up to $184,500, Medicare 1.45%, federal unemployment (FUTA) 0.6% of the first $7,000.

Shop costs

An example figure. Everything except field pay and trucks — split it in the worksheet below.

Payments, fuel, insurance and upkeep. Enter 0 if trucks are already in overhead.

Profit

Profit as a share of the price, not a markup on cost.

Your rate: $119.19 per billable hour · break-even $107.27. Back to the result

Sales tax on your work

What Tennessee’s tax agency says about repair and installation labor on buildings and the parts and fixtures that go into them. This is what the agency’s pages say, not tax advice.

Labor
Not taxedInstalling items that become fixtures, such as central HVAC systems, isn’t subject to sales tax to the property owner, and neither is cleaning or repairing real property.Window air conditioners stay personal property, so installing, cleaning or repairing them is taxable; central systems become part of the building. Fixture status is decided case by case.
Materials
Contractor, when buyingThe contractor pays sales tax to its supplier, or use tax, on materials that become part of real property and doesn’t charge the customer tax on them.
Also
Contractors also owe the state business tax; in-state contractors under $100,000 in taxable sales are exempt from it.

Read October 24, 2026 on the agency pages listed under Sources. All 50 states and DC side by side.

Licenses and state fees

The license a shop needs from the state to contract for each trade, the board that issues it and the fees on its own schedule. Cities and counties can add their own licenses, registrations and permit fees; exam vendors and fingerprinting may charge more.

Plumbing, HVAC and Electrical

State license; local rules may add more

Tennessee Board for Licensing Contractors (Tennessee Department of Commerce & Insurance)

  • Plumbing Contractor license with CMC-A (Plumbing and Gas Piping) classification for projects of $25,000+; Limited Licensed Plumber (LLP) for smaller jobs where the state inspectsA contractor’s license is needed to bid or contract for projects of $25,000 or more (including plumbing subcontracts of that size); the LLP covers work under $25,000 in municipalities using the state Fire Prevention Division for permits.
  • HVAC Contractor license with CMC-C (HVAC, Refrigeration, Gas Piping) classification for projects of $25,000+A contractor’s license is needed to bid or contract for projects of $25,000 or more, including HVAC subcontracts of $25,000 or more when contracting with another contractor.
  • Electrical Contractor license with CE (Electrical) classification for projects of $25,000+; Limited Licensed Electrician (LLE) for smaller jobs where the state inspectsA contractor’s license is needed to bid or contract for projects of $25,000 or more (including electrical subcontracts of that size); the LLE covers work under $25,000 in municipalities using the state Fire Prevention Division for permits.
FeeAmount
All three
Contractor license - initial application and license feeone-time$250
Contractor license renewalper renewal$200
Plumbing · Contractor license with CMC-A (Plumbing and Gas Piping) classification for projects of $25,000+; Limited Licensed Plumber (LLP) for smaller jobs where the state inspects
CMC-A plumbing exam pre-approval requestone-time$50
Limited Licensed Plumber (LLP) initial applicationone-time$75
Limited Licensed Plumber (LLP) renewalper renewal$50
Electrical · Contractor license with CE (Electrical) classification for projects of $25,000+; Limited Licensed Electrician (LLE) for smaller jobs where the state inspects
Limited Licensed Electrician (LLE) initial applicationone-time$50
Limited Licensed Electrician (LLE) renewalper renewal$50

Exam fees are charged by the exam provider (Prov from July 1, 2026) and are not stated on the board pages, and the board pages do not say how long a contractor license lasts. Late renewal $20 per month up to 12 months.

HVAC The board has limited licenses for jobs under $25,000 only for electricians (LLE) and plumbers (LLP), not for HVAC.

Keeping the license

Renewal
PlumbingA Tennessee contractor license (plumbing CMC-A or full mechanical CMC) is issued for two years and renews for $200 per two-year period, with a 12-month late-renewal grace period at $20 a month. An LLP license is also a two-year license. tn.govHVACA Tennessee contractor license (HVAC CMC-C or full mechanical CMC) is issued for two years and renews for $200 per two-year period, with a 12-month late-renewal grace period at $20 a month. tn.govElectricalA Tennessee electrical contractor license (CE) is issued for two years and renews for $200 per two-year period. An LLE license expires every two years on the last day of the month it was issued. tn.gov
Continuing ed.
PlumbingNo continuing education is required to renew a plumbing or mechanical contractor license; the Board’s 8-hour Residential Continuing Education rule (T.C.A. 62-6-112(g)) applies only to residential classifications BC-A, BC-A/r and BC-A,b(sm). tn.govHVACNo continuing education is required to renew an HVAC or mechanical contractor license; the Board’s 8-hour Residential Continuing Education rule applies only to residential classifications BC-A, BC-A/r and BC-A,b(sm). tn.govElectricalNo continuing education is required to renew an electrical contractor license (the 8-hour RCE rule covers only residential BC-A classifications), and the LLE license has no continuing-education requirement. tn.gov
Reciprocity
PlumbingTennessee waives the trade exam (not the Business and Law exam) for contractors actively licensed in Ohio (plumbing), South Carolina (commercial plumbing), and Louisiana, Mississippi (unlimited) and West Virginia (mechanical). The waiver does not apply to LLP licenses. tn.govHVACTennessee waives the HVAC trade exam (not the Business and Law exam) for contractors actively licensed in Alabama (HVAC), Ohio (HVAC), South Carolina (commercial HVAC), and Louisiana, Mississippi (unlimited) and West Virginia (mechanical). tn.govElectricalTennessee waives the electrical trade exam (not the Business and Law exam) for contractors actively licensed in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina (commercial) and West Virginia. The waiver does not apply to LLE licenses. tn.gov

Sources read

Beyond the trade license

Contractor registration, bond and insurance the state asks of a trade shop

Registration
The Tennessee Board for Licensing Contractors license is required to bid or contract for projects of $25,000 or more, including a plumbing, HVAC or electrical subcontract of $25,000 or more with another contractor. Below $25,000, plumbers and electricians need a Limited Licensed Plumber (LLP) or Limited Licensed Electrician (LLE) license only where the municipality uses the state Fire Prevention Division for permits. In Bradley, Davidson, Hamilton, Haywood, Knox, Marion, Robertson, Rutherford and Shelby counties a Home Improvement license is also required for residential remodeling projects of $3,000 to $24,999. tn.gov
Bond
The contractor license itself needs no bond: applicants file a CPA-reviewed or audited financial statement, and since July 1, 2026 they may instead file a Contractors’ Surety Bond of at least 50% of the monetary limit requested. A Home Improvement license requires a $10,000 surety bond (or cash or property bond or irrevocable letter of credit); LLE and LLP licenses require no bond. tn.gov
Insurance
$100,000Contractor and Home Improvement licensees must show general liability insurance to get or renew the license, with minimums tied to the monetary limit: $100,000 for limits up to $500,000 (and for Home Improvement), $500,000 for $500,001 to $1,500,000, and $1,000,000 above that. Workers’ compensation (or a construction services provider exemption) is also required; LLE and LLP licenses need no insurance. tn.gov

Board and statute pages read

State or city license?

State and local Who licenses the trades in Tennessee

The state licenses contractors on jobs of $25,000 or more and LLP/LLE holders only in towns that use the state Fire Prevention Division; elsewhere cities and counties license plumbers, electricians and mechanical contractors themselves. Nashville-Davidson County’s Board of Mechanical, Plumbing, and Electrical Examiners and Appeals examines and certifies master mechanical, HVAC&R, gas, master plumber and master electrician holders. tn.gov · nashville.gov

State and city pages read

What Tennessee law says about lien rights on private jobs — the notices, the deadline to file and the deadline to sue — and whether a statute sets payment deadlines or caps retainage. Read from the statute itself; it is not legal advice.

Mechanic’s lien

The state’s official code could not be read normally; the rules below come from the enacted acts.

You, hired by the owner
Before making a contract for, or starting work on, residential real property (as defined in T.C.A. § 66-11-146), a contractor must deliver to the owner, by registered mail or otherwise, the written lien notice set out in § 66-11-203, stating that the contractor will have a lien on the property for one year after the work is finished. No pre-lien notice is set for a prime contractor on other jobs. publications.tnsosfiles.com
Subs and suppliers
Notice requiredExcept on one- to four-family residential units, a remote contractor (sub or supplier) that is unpaid must serve a notice of nonpayment on the owner and the prime contractor within 90 days after the last day of each month in which it furnished work or materials; without it there is no lien except for retainage (T.C.A. § 66-11-145). It must also serve a notice of lien on the owner within the § 66-11-112 recording period, 90 days after the improvement is complete or abandoned (§ 66-11-115). publications.tnsosfiles.com
File the lien
90 daysA prime contractor’s lien exists against the owner without recording, but to keep its priority against later buyers and lenders it must record a sworn statement with the county register of deeds no later than 90 days after the improvement is complete or abandoned (T.C.A. § 66-11-112(a)). A remote contractor must serve its notice of lien on the owner within that same 90-day period (§ 66-11-115(a)). publications.tnsosfiles.com
Enforce it
1 yearA prime contractor’s lien lasts 1 year after the improvement is complete or abandoned and until a suit filed within that year is decided (T.C.A. § 66-11-106); a remote contractor’s lien lasts 90 days from service of its notice of lien (§ 66-11-115(b)). If the owner or prime contractor serves a written demand, suit must be filed within 60 days after service or the lien is forfeited (§ 66-11-130). publications.tnsosfiles.com
Homes
On a one-family home the owner lives in or intends to live in (or a two- to four-unit building where the owner lives in one unit), only the prime contractor has a lien; subs and suppliers do not (T.C.A. § 66-11-146(a)). The prime must also give the residential lien notice in § 66-11-203 before contracting or starting work. publications.tnsosfiles.com

Statutes read

Payment deadlines and retainage

Private jobs (public contracts have their own rules)

Prompt payment
Statute sets deadlinesUnder the Prompt Pay Act, the owner must pay the prime contractor according to the contract’s payment schedule and within 30 days after a timely application for payment (T.C.A. § 66-34-202), and the prime must pay a sub within 30 days after the sub’s timely application (§ 66-34-302); late payments accrue the contract’s interest rate or, if none, 1.5% per month (§ 66-34-601). publications.tnsosfiles.com
Retainage
Capped at 5%Retainage may not exceed 5% of the contract (T.C.A. §§ 66-34-203, 66-34-303) and must be deposited in a separate interest-bearing escrow account with a third party, or the withholding party owes $300 per day (§ 66-34-104). The owner, public or private, must release retainage within 90 days after completion of the work or substantial completion, whichever is first, and each tier must pass it down within 10 days after receipt (§ 66-34-103(b)). publications.tnsosfiles.com

Statutes read

Heating and cooling season in Tennessee

Degree days, NOAA’s index of the energy it takes to heat or cool a building: each degree a day’s mean temperature falls below 65 °F is one heating degree day, each degree above is one cooling degree day. Thirty-year normals for Nashville airport, month by month.

Heating degree days
3,364
Cooling degree days
1,873
Nights ≤ 32 °F
66
Days ≥ 90 °F
54
Normal heating and cooling degree days (base 65 °F) and freezing nights by month at Nashville airport, NOAA 1991–2020 normals
MonthHeatingCoolingNights ≤ 32 °F
Jan788019
Feb606114
Mar431117
Apr180521
May42177–
Jun1363–
Jul0487–
Aug0456–
Sep14257–
Oct165621
Nov44768
Dec691116

Nashville airport has two working seasons: 3,364 heating and 1,873 cooling degree days a year, heating peaking in January and cooling in July.

The lightest months for heating and cooling together are May and October (219 and 227 degree days).

Nights at or below 32 °F: about 66 a year, ten or more a month in December through February. Days reaching 90 °F: about 54 a year, the most in July.

Weighted by where Tennessee’s people live, NOAA’s statewide normals (1981–2010) are 3,881 heating and 1,366 cooling degree days — 35th for heating and 14th for cooling among the 48 contiguous states (the contiguous U.S.: 4,332 and 1,272).

Station: Nashville airport (USW00013897), NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals 1991–2020 — station file; statewide figures: NOAA Climate Prediction Center. Bars share one scale: the longest is 788 degree days. Read .

Sources

Each page opened on the date shown. License, registration, lien and workers’ comp sources are linked beside each fact above. Figures change: the agency’s own page wins over this one.

  1. May 2025 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (state file oesm25st)U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · read October 28, 2026
  2. Occupational Employment and Wages — May 2025 (news release USDL-26-0725, May 15, 2026)U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · read October 28, 2026
  3. Public Data API (national OEWS series for the three occupations)U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · read October 28, 2026
  4. Unemployment insurance tax rates (tn.gov)Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Division of Employment Security · read October 28, 2026
  5. Significant Provisions of State Unemployment Insurance Laws, Effective July 2026U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Unemployment Insurance · read October 28, 2026
  6. Industry Specific Tax Manual: ContractorsTennessee Department of Revenue · June 2026 · read October 24, 2026
  7. Sales Tax Issues for ContractorsTennessee Department of Revenue · May 2022 · read October 24, 2026
  8. Workers’ compensation coverage requirementsTennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Bureau of Workers' Compensation · read November 4, 2026
  9. U.S. Climate Normals 1991–2020, Nashville airport (USW00013897)NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information · read November 4, 2026
  10. Population-weighted daily heating and cooling degree day normals, 1981–2010 (states and CONUS)NOAA National Weather Service, Climate Prediction Center · read November 4, 2026