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Reference · State of Wisconsin

Wisconsin trade labor costs

What a plumbing, HVAC or electrical tech earns in Wisconsin, what the state adds to payroll, whether labor is taxed, what a license costs, how lien rights work and when the heating and cooling seasons peak — each figure from the agency that sets it, with the date we read it.

  • Wages BLS OEWS May 2025
  • Payroll and licenses state agencies
  • Checked and
Plumbing median
$39.04/h+27.3% vs the U.S.7th of 51
HVAC median
$29.67/h+1.2% vs the U.S.23rd of 51
Electrical median
$36.80/h+21.1% vs the U.S.13th of 51
New-employer SUTA
3.05%on the first $14,000
Payroll programs
Noneno paid-leave or disability program found
Sales tax on labor
Dependsrepair and installation on buildings

Pay in Wisconsin

Hourly pay across all industries, May 2025. Half of the workers in each trade earn less than the median and half earn more; one in ten earns less than the 10th percentile. Union and non-union, no self-employed.

Hourly pay, 10th to 90th percentileDrawn to scale: one dollar axis for all three trades

  • PlumbingU.S. median $30.67

    plumbers: 10th percentile $24.05, 25th $29.53, median $39.04, 75th $49.79, 90th $57.72 an hour; U.S. median $30.67.

  • HVACU.S. median $29.33

    HVAC techs: 10th percentile $22.08, 25th $24.44, median $29.67, 75th $38.03, 90th $47.15 an hour; U.S. median $29.33.

  • ElectricalU.S. median $30.38

    electricians: 10th percentile $21.55, 25th $26.84, median $36.80, 75th $45.09, 90th $48.93 an hour; U.S. median $30.38.

  • 25th–75th percentile
  • State median
  • U.S. median
Hourly pay by percentile for plumbers, HVAC techs and electricians in Wisconsin, BLS OEWS May 2025
PercentilePlumbingHVACElectrical
10th$24.05$22.08$21.55
25th$29.53$24.44$26.84
Median$39.04$29.67$36.80
75th$49.79$38.03$45.09
90th$57.72$47.15$48.93
Mean$40.73$32.41$35.49
U.S. median$30.67$29.33$30.38
vs U.S.+27.3%+1.2%+21.1%
Rank7th23rd13th
Jobs10,2106,63014,310

Dollars an hour. BLS occupations: Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters (SOC 47-2152); Heating, air conditioning and refrigeration mechanics and installers (SOC 49-9021); Electricians (SOC 47-2111). “vs U.S.” compares the medians; rank 1 is the highest median of the 50 states and DC. Released May 15, 2026; the next survey is due each spring.

Payroll costs the state adds

What Wisconsin charges an employer on top of wages: unemployment tax, and any paid-leave or disability program funded through payroll, and who must carry workers’ comp. Federal Social Security, Medicare and unemployment tax apply in every state and are already in the calculator. Workers’ comp premiums depend on the class code and the insurer, so the card gives the rules, not a rate.

State unemployment tax (SUTA)

Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development (DWD), Unemployment Insurance Division

Wage base
$14,000 per employee a year
New-employer rate
3.05%
Construction
2.50%for new construction employers

DWD 2026 (Schedule D): new employers with payroll under $500,000 pay 3.05% total (2.50% basic, DOL’s figure, plus 0.55% solvency); this site uses this total. At $500,000 or more: 3.25%. New construction employers pay less in 2026: 2.50% under $500,000, 2.70% at or above.

Charged with it

  • Solvency rate 0.55% — already inside the rate shown. 0.50% inside the 2.50% construction rate.

Per tech, a year 2.50% × $14,000 = $350At the construction rate, for a plumber paid the state median ($39.04 × 2,080 h = $81,203). The calculator uses the rate alone.

State pages read

Workers’ compensation

Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, Worker's Compensation Division

Who must carry it
3 employees, or $500 of wages in a quarterA Wisconsin employer must have coverage from the day it employs a third full- or part-time employee, or, with fewer employees, once it has paid $500 or more in combined gross wages in any calendar quarter (coverage due by the 10th day of the first month of the next quarter) (Wis. Stat. 102.04(1)(b)). dwd.wisconsin.gov · docs.legis.wisconsin.gov
Where to buy it
Private insurersThe State of Wisconsin does not sell workers’ compensation insurance; employers buy it from one of about 300 licensed insurance companies (Wis. Stat. 102.28(2)(a)) or qualify to self-insure. If no company will write the policy, the agent applies to the Wisconsin Compensation Rating Bureau, which runs the Wisconsin Worker’s Compensation Pool. dwd.wisconsin.gov
Owners
Sole proprietors, partners and LLC members are not covered unless they elect coverage by buying insurance on themselves; they can withdraw on 30 days’ written notice to the insurer and the Wisconsin Compensation Rating Bureau (Wis. Stat. 102.075). Corporate officers are employees, but in a corporation with no more than 10 stockholders up to 2 officers may opt out by an endorsement on the policy; they still count toward the employee threshold (102.076). docs.legis.wisconsin.gov
Construction
An employer is liable for compensation to the employees of a contractor or subcontractor under it who is uninsured, including on erection, alteration, repair or demolition work on the employer’s premises (Wis. Stat. 102.06). To pull a building permit for a one- or two-family dwelling, a contractor needs a yearly certificate of financial responsibility, which requires proof of workers’ compensation insurance if the contractor must carry it (Wis. Stat. 101.654(1)(a), (2)(b)). docs.legis.wisconsin.gov

Statute and agency pages read

Paid leave and disability insurance

We found no state paid family and medical leave or temporary disability insurance program funded through payroll in Wisconsin on October 28, 2026. State paid sick leave rules, where they exist, are not covered here.

New-employer rates usually last one to three years — longer in some states (four years in Indiana, four to five in D.C.); then the state assigns your own rate, and your rate notice wins over any figure here. The calculator below uses the construction rate where one is clear. Where a state’s own pages could not be read, the card says so and gives the U.S. Labor Department’s figure.

What a shop in Wisconsin needs to charge

The calculator’s example shop — three techs, $120,000 of overhead, a truck each, 10% net profit — with Wisconsin’s median wage for each trade and its unemployment tax filled in. Your own numbers will differ; change them in the calculator below.

Example shopBreak-evenRate, 10% profit
Plumbingwage $39.04$130.73$145.26→ $150
HVACwage $29.67$110.62$122.91→ $125
Electricalwage $36.80$125.93$139.92→ $140

Per billable hour; → is the rate rounded up, as the calculator rounds it. Everything except the wage and the unemployment tax is the national example (BLS, IRS and DOL figures listed on the labor rate calculator).

Change the numbers for your shop

The labor rate calculator, opened on Wisconsin: pick your trade, put in your own crew, pay and overhead, and the rate and break-even redraw as you type.

Your labor rate

Who does the billable work?

Example shop in Wisconsin: 3 techs at the state’s median plumber wage, $120,000 overhead. Change any number or pick another state.

Charge at least Example shop · Wisconsin

Charge at least $145.26 per billable hour; break-even $130.73.

Round up to $150 (+$4.74)

See it drawn to scale
Rate build-upDrawn to scale: every dollar the same height
Rate build-up for the example, drawn to scaleColumn from $0 to $145.26 per billable hour, drawn to scale: wage $66.74, taxes & benefits $17.39, overhead $32.87, truck $13.74, profit 10% $14.53. Break-even line at $130.73. Rounded up to $150.12345$0Labor$84.12Break-even$130.73Your rate$145.26Round up to$150
  1. Wage$81,203.20 ÷ 1,216.8 h$66.74
  2. Taxes & benefits26.05% of pay$17.39
  3. Overhead$120,000 ÷ 3,650.4 h$32.87
  4. Truck$16,719.14 ÷ 1,216.8 h$13.74
  5. Profit 10%of the price$14.53
Break-even
$130.73
Profit per hour
$14.53
Revenue a year
$530,260

$130.73 ÷ (1 − 10%) = $145.26rounded up to $150

Already showing the example.

Price your tasks at $150 an hourOpens the price book builder with this rate.

Billable hours
1,216.8per tech a year
Loaded wage
$49.21per paid hour
Labor
$84.12per billable hour
Overhead
$32.87per billable hour
Truck
$13.74per billable hour
Labor burden
26.05%over gross pay

What moves your rate

  • Every billable hour sold under $130.73 loses money.
  • At 70% billable instead of 65%, break-even drops to $121.40, $9.34 an hour less.
  • Cut $10,000 of overhead a year and break-even drops $2.74 an hour, to $128.00.
Show the math
  1. Worked hours2,080 h − 26 days × 8 h = 1,872 h
  2. Billable hours per tech1,872 h × 65% = 1,216.8 h
  3. Gross pay per tech$39.04 × 2,080 h = $81,203.20
  4. Employer taxes and comp$5,034.60 SS + $1,177.45 Medicare + $42.00 FUTA + $350.00 SUTA + $2,168.13 comp = $8,772.17
  5. Benefits$81,203.20 × 15.25% = $12,383.49
  6. Labor per billable hour$102,358.86 ÷ 1,216.8 h = $84.12
  7. Overhead per billable hour$120,000 ÷ (3 × 1,216.8 h) = $32.87
  8. Truck per billable hour$16,719.14 ÷ 1,216.8 h = $13.74
  9. Break-even$84.12 + $32.87 + $13.74 = $130.73
  10. Rate at 10% profit$130.73 ÷ (1 − 10%) = $145.26

Change the numbers

State and trade
Trade

Fills the wage and state unemployment tax (SUTA). Workers’ comp and everything else stay as they are.

Filled for Wisconsin3 figures
Wage Plumbing
$39.04/hr
Wisconsin median for plumbers · BLS OEWS May 2025
SUTA rate Construction
2.50%
Construction rate; other new employers pay 3.05% · Wisconsin DWD, 2026, payroll under $500,000
SUTA wage base Per tech
$14,000
Wisconsin · DOL Significant Provisions, July 2026

Your own rate notice wins. These are new-employer rates: after one to three years the state sets your own, and construction employers often pay a different rate.

Wisconsin: pay, payroll taxes and licensesSee all 50 states and DC
Wisconsin: the fine print

DWD 2026 (Schedule D): new employers with payroll under $500,000 pay 3.05% total (2.50% basic, DOL’s figure, plus 0.55% solvency); this site uses this total. At $500,000 or more: 3.25%. New construction employers pay less in 2026: 2.50% under $500,000, 2.70% at or above.

Crew and pay

People who bill hours. Office staff go in overhead.

Average base pay. Filled: Wisconsin median for plumbers, BLS OEWS May 2025.

Hours and time off2,080 h · 26 days off

40 hours × 52 weeks = 2,080.

Holidays, vacation and sick days, 8 h each. Example: 8 + 11 + 7 (BLS).

Optional. Paid at 1.5 × the wage. Leave 0 if none.

Billable time

Share of worked hours that ends up on invoices. Published figures run from 30% to 65%.

Billable hours1,216.8 hper tech · 3,650.4 h for the shop
Payroll taxes and benefits+26.05% of pay

Filled: Wisconsin construction rate, Wisconsin DWD, 2026, payroll under $500,000. Your notice wins.

Pay per tech the rate applies to. Filled: Wisconsin, DOL Significant Provisions, July 2026.

Use the rate on your policy. Example: BLS construction average.

Health, retirement and other benefits. Example: BLS construction average.

Loaded wage$49.21per paid hour · burden 26.05%

Included automatically (IRS, tax year 2026): Social Security 6.2% of pay up to $184,500, Medicare 1.45%, federal unemployment (FUTA) 0.6% of the first $7,000.

Shop costs

An example figure. Everything except field pay and trucks — split it in the worksheet below.

Payments, fuel, insurance and upkeep. Enter 0 if trucks are already in overhead.

Profit

Profit as a share of the price, not a markup on cost.

Your rate: $145.26 per billable hour · break-even $130.73. Back to the result

Sales tax on your work

What Wisconsin’s tax agency says about repair and installation labor on buildings and the parts and fixtures that go into them. This is what the agency’s pages say, not tax advice.

Labor
DependsA contractor’s charges for improvements to real estate aren’t taxed, on labor or materials. Repairing or servicing listed items, such as a furnace, is taxable.Installing a furnace is a real property improvement, but replacing its motor is a taxable repair. Repairing or servicing listed items, such as furnaces, boilers, water heaters, sinks and air conditioners, is taxable even when their installation was a real property improvement.
Materials
Depends on the job or contractOn real property work the contractor pays tax on materials as the consumer; on taxable repairs it can buy the parts it transfers to the customer without tax.

Read October 24, 2026 on the agency pages listed under Sources. All 50 states and DC side by side.

Licenses and state fees

The license a shop needs from the state to contract for each trade, the board that issues it and the fees on its own schedule. Cities and counties can add their own licenses, registrations and permit fees; exam vendors and fingerprinting may charge more.

Plumbing, HVAC and Electrical

State license

Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS)

  • Plumbing Master Plumber license (a licensed master plumber must be in charge of plumbing installation)No person may engage in or work at plumbing unless licensed by the department, and no person may install plumbing unless a licensed master plumber is at all times in charge (Wis. Stat. 145.06).
  • HVAC HVAC Contractor credential (registration)No person may engage in the business of installing or servicing heating, ventilating or air conditioning equipment unless the person registers with the department (Wis. Stat. 101.178(2)).
  • Electrical Electrical Contractor license (work under a responsible Master Electrician)No person may engage in the business of installing, repairing, or maintaining electrical wiring unless licensed as an electrical contractor; non-masters must work under a master electrician at all times (Wis. Stat. 101.862).
FeeAmount
Plumbing · Master Plumber license (a licensed master plumber must be in charge of plumbing installation)
Master Plumber application feeone-time$20
Master Plumber credential fee4 years (renews March 31)$500
Master Plumber exam Part 1(fee to DSPS; Pearson fee $95 extra)per exam part$30
Master Plumber exam Part 2(fee to DSPS; Pearson fee $95 extra)per exam part$30
Master Plumber renewal4 years$500
HVAC · HVAC Contractor credential (registration)
HVAC Contractor credential fee4 years (from date of issuance)$160
HVAC Contractor application feeone-time$15
HVAC Contractor renewal4 years$160
Electrical · Electrical Contractor license (work under a responsible Master Electrician)
Electrical Contractor credential fee4 years (renews June 30)$200
Electrical Contractor application feeone-time$35
Master Electrician credential fee (responsible master)4 years$200
Master Electrician exam (fee to DSPS; Pearson fee $95 extra)per exam$30
Electrical Contractor renewal4 years$200

Plumbing Exam: candidate pays $95 to Pearson plus $30 to DSPS for each of Parts 1 and 2. Renewal requires 24 CE hours; late CE fee $25; reinstatement $200.

HVAC No exam for the HVAC Contractor credential (exam table shows N/A). The HVAC Qualifier certification ($60 credential, $15 application; exam $95 Pearson + $25 DSPS) is part of a voluntary program under Wis. Stat. 101.178(3). Reinstatement $200.

Electrical No exam for the Electrical Contractor license itself. Master Electrician: $200 credential + $35 application, renewal $200 every 4 years with 24 CE hours; exam $95 to Pearson + $30 to DSPS.

Keeping the license

Renewal
PlumbingDSPS master and journeyman plumber licenses are valid for 4 years and expire on March 31 of the renewal year; renewal follows SPS 305.07. dsps.wi.govHVACThe DSPS HVAC Contractor registration (business, Wis. Stat. 101.178) and the HVAC Qualifier credential are valid for 4 years from the date of issuance. dsps.wi.govElectricalDSPS master and journeyman electrician licenses and the Electrical Contractor license are valid for 4 years and expire June 30 of the renewal year. dsps.wi.gov
Continuing ed.
PlumbingA Wisconsin master plumber needs at least 24 hours of DSPS-approved continuing education per 4-year license period, entered by the course provider before renewal (journeyman plumbers also 24; restricted appliance/service plumbers 12). CE completed after expiration carries a late CE fee. dsps.wi.govHVACDSPS requires no continuing education to renew an HVAC Contractor registration (or the HVAC Qualifier credential); renewal is an application and fee. dsps.wi.govElectricalA Wisconsin master electrician needs at least 24 hours of DSPS-approved continuing education per 4-year license period (residential master and residential journeyman: 18 hours); the Electrical Contractor (business) license itself has no CE requirement. dsps.wi.gov
Reciprocity
PlumbingDSPS has no reciprocity agreement for master plumbers; an out-of-state plumber may apply by comity but must still pass the Wisconsin examination. dsps.wi.govHVACDSPS offers no reciprocity for HVAC credentials: the HVAC Qualifier is earned only by examination, and the HVAC Contractor credential is issued only as a new license or a reinstatement. dsps.wi.govElectricalDSPS grants the Master Electrician license by reciprocity to holders of a valid Iowa master electrician license obtained through a state examination. dsps.wi.gov

Sources read

Beyond the trade license

Contractor registration, bond and insurance the state asks of a trade shop

Registration
Under Wis. Stat. 101.654 and SPS 305.31, anyone who obtains a building permit for a one- or two-family dwelling must hold a DSPS Dwelling Contractor (or Dwelling Contractor – Restricted) certification and hold or employ a certified Dwelling Contractor Qualifier; owner-occupants working on their own home are exempt. A person holding a DSPS trade license is exempt only from the continuing-education part when the permit covers work the license allows. The Dwelling Contractor certification is valid for one year from issuance; there is no job-value threshold. docs.legis.wisconsin.gov
Bond
$25,000A Dwelling Contractor must carry either a surety bond of at least $25,000 or general liability insurance of at least $250,000 per occurrence (Wis. Stat. 101.654(2)). A Dwelling Contractor – Restricted may use a bond of $5,000 to under $25,000 but may not take any dwelling job whose estimated cost exceeds the bond. The DSPS plumbing, electrical and HVAC trade credentials themselves carry no bond requirement on their DSPS pages. dsps.wi.gov · docs.legis.wisconsin.gov
Insurance
$250,000As the alternative to the bond, a Dwelling Contractor may carry general liability insurance of at least $250,000 per occurrence for bodily injury, death or property damage, and must also show worker’s compensation coverage and unemployment-insurance compliance where those laws apply (Wis. Stat. 101.654(2)). docs.legis.wisconsin.gov

Board and statute pages read

State or city license?

State license only Who licenses the trades in Wisconsin

Wisconsin licenses plumbers and electricians at the state level only: no city, village, town or county may require a license from a state-licensed plumber (Wis. Stat. 145.04(2)), and since April 1, 2014 municipalities may not license electrical contractors or electricians (Wis. Stat. 101.861). For HVAC, a city, village, town or county may require its own approval only if it required one before November 1, 1993 (Wis. Stat. 101.178(3)(d)); cities still issue permits and inspect. docs.legis.wisconsin.gov

State and city pages read

What Wisconsin law says about lien rights on private jobs — the notices, the deadline to file and the deadline to sue — and whether a statute sets payment deadlines or caps retainage. Read from the statute itself; it is not legal advice.

Mechanic’s lien

Wis. Stat. ch. 779, subch. I (§§ 779.01–779.17)Chapter 779 Liens, Subchapter I Construction Liens

You, hired by the owner
A prime contractor who will use subs or suppliers must put the statutory lien notice, in at least 8-point bold type, in its written contract with the owner and give the owner a copy; with no written contract, it must serve the notice separately within 10 days after first furnishing (Wis. Stat. § 779.02(2)(a)). A prime who skips it has no lien unless it pays all its subs and suppliers on time and none of them claims a lien (§ 779.02(2)(c)). Notices are required only on residential jobs of 4 or fewer units (§ 779.02(1)(c)). docs.legis.wisconsin.gov
Subs and suppliers
Notice requiredOn residential jobs of 4 or fewer units, every sub or supplier (other than laborers employed by a contractor) must serve the owner a written notice, in 2 signed copies, within 60 days after first furnishing labor or materials; a late notice covers only work after the owner receives it (Wis. Stat. § 779.02(2)(b), (3)). Notices are not required on jobs adding more than 4 living units or on partly or wholly nonresidential jobs (§ 779.02(1)(c)). docs.legis.wisconsin.gov
File the lien
6 monthsAt least 30 days before filing, serve the owner a written notice of intent to file a lien claim; then file the claim with the clerk of circuit court within 6 months after you last furnished labor or materials, and serve a copy on the owner within 30 days after filing (Wis. Stat. § 779.06(1)–(2)). Subs have the same deadlines. docs.legis.wisconsin.gov
Enforce it
2 yearsBring the foreclosure action, filing a summons and complaint, within 2 years after filing the lien claim (Wis. Stat. § 779.06(1)). docs.legis.wisconsin.gov
Homes
Wisconsin’s notice rules (the prime’s contract notice and the subs’ 60-day notice) apply only to wholly residential jobs of 4 or fewer living units; they do not apply where more than 4 units are added or the job is partly or wholly nonresidential (Wis. Stat. § 779.02(1)(c)). docs.legis.wisconsin.gov

Statutes read

Payment deadlines and retainage

Private jobs (public contracts have their own rules)

Prompt payment
No private-job statuteNo Wisconsin statute sets payment deadlines or late-payment interest on private construction jobs; Wis. Stat. § 779.135(3) voids pay-if-paid clauses that make an owner’s payment a condition precedent to paying a sub, but still allows clauses that delay payment until the prime is paid. docs.legis.wisconsin.gov
Retainage
No private-job capNo Wisconsin statute caps or times retainage on private construction jobs; the construction lien subchapter has no retainage rule. docs.legis.wisconsin.gov

Statutes read

Heating and cooling season in Wisconsin

Degree days, NOAA’s index of the energy it takes to heat or cool a building: each degree a day’s mean temperature falls below 65 °F is one heating degree day, each degree above is one cooling degree day. Thirty-year normals for Milwaukee airport, month by month.

Heating degree days
6,450
Cooling degree days
780
Nights ≤ 32 °F
123
Days ≥ 90 °F
9
Normal heating and cooling degree days (base 65 °F) and freezing nights by month at Milwaukee airport, NOAA 1991–2020 normals
MonthHeatingCoolingNights ≤ 32 °F
Jan1,269028
Feb1,061025
Mar886121
Apr56646
May27834–
Jun64142–
Jul6263–
Aug8232–
Sep9493–
Oct383112
Nov737015
Dec1,099025

Heating carries the load at Milwaukee airport: 6,450 heating degree days a year against 780 cooling degree days, peaking in January (1,269).

The lightest months for heating and cooling together are June and September (206 and 187 degree days).

Nights at or below 32 °F: about 123 a year, ten or more a month in November through March; 7 at or below 0 °F. Days reaching 90 °F: about 9 a year, the most in July.

Weighted by where Wisconsin’s people live, NOAA’s statewide normals (1981–2010) are 7,504 heating and 510 cooling degree days — 8th for heating and 37th for cooling among the 48 contiguous states (the contiguous U.S.: 4,332 and 1,272).

Station: Milwaukee airport (USW00014839), NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals 1991–2020 — station file; statewide figures: NOAA Climate Prediction Center. Bars share one scale: the longest is 1,269 degree days. Read .

Sources

Each page opened on the date shown. License, registration, lien and workers’ comp sources are linked beside each fact above. Figures change: the agency’s own page wins over this one.

  1. May 2025 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (state file oesm25st)U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · read October 28, 2026
  2. Occupational Employment and Wages — May 2025 (news release USDL-26-0725, May 15, 2026)U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · read October 28, 2026
  3. Public Data API (national OEWS series for the three occupations)U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics · read October 28, 2026
  4. Unemployment insurance tax rates (dwd.wisconsin.gov)Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development (DWD), Unemployment Insurance Division · read October 28, 2026
  5. Significant Provisions of State Unemployment Insurance Laws, Effective July 2026U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Unemployment Insurance · read October 28, 2026
  6. Publication 207, Sales and Use Tax Information for ContractorsWisconsin Department of Revenue · 1/19 · read October 24, 2026
  7. DOR Sales and Use Tax TreatmentWisconsin Department of Revenue · laws enacted as of October 16, 2024 · read October 24, 2026
  8. Wis. Stat. ch. 779, subch. I (§§ 779.01–779.17) — Chapter 779 Liens, Subchapter I Construction LiensOfficial state code · read November 4, 2026
  9. Workers’ compensation coverage requirementsWisconsin Department of Workforce Development, Worker's Compensation Division · read November 4, 2026
  10. U.S. Climate Normals 1991–2020, Milwaukee airport (USW00014839)NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information · read November 4, 2026
  11. Population-weighted daily heating and cooling degree day normals, 1981–2010 (states and CONUS)NOAA National Weather Service, Climate Prediction Center · read November 4, 2026